Bioanalysis

       Biological sample analysis means the analysis of drug and/or drug metabolites and biomarkers in biological samples by collecting substances (such as plasma, serum, urine, feces, tissues, and cells) from subjects as required by the protocol. This analysis can provide data support for bioequivalence evaluation.  

       Sample pretreatment is a critical step in bioanalysis. There are five commonly used methods: dilution, protein precipitation (PPT), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE), and immunoaffinity extraction. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, and choosing the best pretreatment method requires an understanding of the targets and samples you need to analyze, the experimental tools you currently have, and the needs of your project.